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Long-term intake of edible oils benefits blood pressure and myocardial structure in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and streptozotocin diabetic SHR.
Medeiros FJ, Mothe CG, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA.
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Centro Biomedico, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratorio de Morfometria e Morfologia Cardiovascular. Av. 28 de Setembro, 87 (fds). Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil.
The beneficial effects of edible oils long-term supplementation in blood pressure (BP) and cardiac structure were investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and streptozotocin diabetic (Db) SHR (45 mg/rat i.p.). Twenty-five 12-week old male SHR were divided into four SHR-Db groups and one SHR group, SHR-Db groups each receiving, respectively, olive oil, palm oil and fish oil, and another SHR-Db group with placebo by gavage on a daily basis for 6 weeks. Myocardial structures were analyzed through light microscopy and stereology. In SHR-Db, the BP and the myocardium were significantly altered by oil supplementation. The BP, the interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte size showed a significant decrease in treated SHR-Db than in SHR or untreated SHR-Db. The myocardial microvasculature and number of cardiomyocytes were higher in all treated groups, especially in fish oil group. Long-term edible oil supplementation showed beneficial effects decreasing BP levels and offsetting adverse myocardial remodeling in diabetic SHR.
PMID: 16303619 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Role of dietary fatty acids and acute hyperglycemia in modulating cardiac cell death.
Ghosh S, An D, Pulinilkunnil T, Qi D, Lau HC, Abrahani A, Innis SM, Rodrigues B.
Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
OBJECTIVE: We examined the effect of dietary manipulation of palmitic acid (20% [w/w] palm oil [PO]) on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the rat heart under normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions in vivo. We used 20% (w/w) sunflower oil (SO; a diet rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids) as an isocaloric control. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were fed experimental diets containing normal laboratory chow (5% corn oil) or a high fat diet (AIN-76A with PO or SO) for 4 wk. Subsequently, to induce diabetes, rats were injected with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, intravenously). After 4 d of diabetes, hearts were tested for evidence of lipotoxicity and cell death, and the serum for its related markers. RESULTS: Feeding PO and SO magnified palmitic and linoleic acid contents within lipoproteins and hearts respectively. Compared with SO, PO diabetic hearts demonstrated significantly higher levels of apoptosis, with an altered Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, augmented lipid peroxidation, and protein modification by formation of nitrotyrosine. Interestingly, SO-fed diabetic animals demonstrated an increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase and myocardial necrotic changes. CONCLUSION: In marked contrast to results obtained in vitro, PO feeding led to only a minor fraction of cardiomyocytes undergoing apoptosis and suggests that, in the intact heart, protective mechanisms could be triggered that dampen excessive apoptosis. Of greater clinical significance was the observation that "heart-friendly" vegetable oils such as SO, rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, could precipitate cardiac necrosis, and questions its beneficial role in the cardiovascular system, especially following diabetes.
PMID: 15474882 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Changing concepts in lipid nutrition in health and disease.
Chandrasekharan N.
Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Fat remains a hot topic because of concerns over associations between consumption of fats and the incidence of some chronic conditions including coronary artery disease, diabetes, cancer and obesity. Dietary fats serve multiple purposes. The effects of dietary fats generally reflect the collective influences of multiple fatty acids in the diet or food. This presentation highlights some recent developments on the role of dietary fats and oils in health and disease. Debate continues over the role of dietary modification in coronary prevention by lipid lowering. The degree to which a recommended diet will result in health benefits for an individual is difficult to predict, because the outcome will depend on the influence of other factors such as a person's genetic constitution, level of physical activity and total diet composition. There can now be little doubt about the importance of genetic factors in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and cancer. The importance of antioxidant status in the prevention of cardiovascular disease as well as many cancers is being increasingly recognised. It is now evident that not all saturated fatty acids are equally cholesterolemic. Recent accounts evaluating palm oil's effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins suggest that diets incorporating palm oil as the major dietary fat do not raise plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels to the extent expected from its fatty acid composition. Palm oil is endowed with a good mixture of natural antioxidants and together with its balanced composition of the different classes of fatty acids, makes it a safe, stable and versatile edible oil with many positive health and nutritional attributes. In recent times, adverse health concerns from the consumption of trans fatty acids arising from hydrogenation of oils and fats have been the subject of much discussion and controversy. Trans fatty acids when compared with cis fatty acids or unhydrogenated fats have been shown to lower serum HDL cholesterol, raise serum LDL cholesterol and when substituted for saturated fatty acids, increase lipoprotein Lp (a) level, an independent risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. The idea of which foods, nutrients and supplements are "healthy" is often being amended as new scientific data is presented and then simplified for the consumers. What was once perceived as a healthy diet is often no longer considered as such and vice versa. Dietary recommendations have to change with time and the evidence available. Nutritional recommendations should encourage eating a great variety of nutrient sources within our food supply in moderation. Various lifestyle options to improve health should also be promoted.
Publication Types:
PMID: 11045075 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Impact of dietary fat on Th1/Th2 cytokine gene expression in the pancreas and gut of diabetes-prone BB rats.
Kleemann R, Scott FW, Worz-Pagenstert U, Nimal Ratnayake WM, Kolb H.
Diabetes Research Institute, University of Dusseldorf, Germany.
The effect of dietary n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the development of autoimmune insulitis was analysed in diabetes-prone BB rats. Litter-matched groups of rats received a standard open formula NIH-07 (National Institutes of Health, NIH) diet enriched with 10% fish oil, 10% flaxseed oil or with 10% palm oil plus 2% cholesterol during the period of insulitis onset (50-70 days of age). Analysis of cytokine gene expression in pancreatic RNA revealed an increase of IFN-gamma and a decrease of IL-10 mRNA with onset of insulitis. When compared to unsupplemented NIH, none of the three fat-enriched diets depressed the rise of IFN-gamma gene expression or the influx of leukocytes into islets. However, all of the fat-enriched diets led to significantly higher IL-10 mRNA levels. Although a specific anti-inflammatory effect of fish oil was not seen in the pancreas, a clear shift of the Th1/Th2 cytokine mRNA ratio towards Th2 was seen in the gut-associated immune system. We conclude that diets high in fat support IL-10 without suppressing IFN-gamma gene expression in islet inflammation. A special anti-inflammatory effect of fish oil was not seen in pancreatic lesions of BB rats, although there was strong modulation of the IFN-gamma/IL-10 mRNA ratio in the gut associated immune system. Copyright 1998 Academic Press Limited.
PMID: 9480727 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
High-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and obesity in mice: differential effects of dietary oils.
Ikemoto S, Takahashi M, Tsunoda N, Maruyama K, Itakura H, Ezaki O.
Division of Clinical Nutrition, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
Mice fed a high-fat diet develop hyperglycemia and obesity. Using non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model mice, we investigated the effects of seven different dietary oils on glucose metabolism: palm oil, which contains mainly 45% palmitic acid (16:0) and 40% oleic acid (18:1); lard oil, 24% palmitic and 44% oleic acid; rapeseed oil, 59% oleic and 20% linoleic acid (18:2); soybean oil, 24% oleic and 54% linoleic acid; safflower oil, 76% linoleic acid; perilla oil, 58% alpha-linolenic acid; and tuna fish oil, 7% eicosapentaenoic acid and 23% docosahexaenoic acid. C57BL/6J mice received each as a high-fat diet (60% of total calories) for 19 weeks (n = 6 to 11 per group). After 19 weeks of feeding, body weight induced by the diets was in the following order: soybean > palm > or = lard > or = rapeseed > or = safflower > or = perilla > fish oil. Glucose levels 30 minutes after a glucose load were highest for safflower oil (approximately 21.5 mmol/L), modest for rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and lard (approximately 17.6 mmol/L), mild for perilla, fish, and palm oil (approximately 13.8 mmol/L), and minimal for high-carbohydrate meals (approximately 10.4 mmol/L). Only palm oil-fed mice showed fasting hyperinsulinemia (P < .001). By stepwise multiple regression analysis, body weight (or white adipose tissue [WAT] weight) and intake of linoleic acid (or n-3/n-6 ratio) were chosen as independent variables to affect glucose tolerance. By univariate analysis, the linoleic acid intake had a positive correlation with blood glucose level (r = .83, P = .02) but not with obesity (r = .46, P = .30). These data indicate that (1) fasting blood insulin levels vary among fat subtypes, and a higher fasting blood insulin level in palm oil-fed mice may explain their better glycemic control irrespective of their marked obesity; (2) a favorable glucose response induced by fish oil feeding may be mediated by a decrease of body weight; and (3) obesity and a higher intake of linoleic acid are independent risk factors for dysregulation of glucose tolerance.
PMID: 8969289 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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